10 Ways to Blog Your Book to Increase Sales Without Being Pushy or Annoying (Part 1)

10 Ways to Blog Your Book to Increase Sales Without Being Pushy or Annoying (Part 1) A lot of people think that once a book is written, the work is done. Often times, especially if you are a self-published author, the work is just beginning. After the brainstorming and drafting, writing and revising, editing and publishing comes the†¦ selling. There are only so many times you can say, buy my book! But the fact of the matter is, you need to continue placing your book in front of your audience if you have any prayer of selling copies. To help, I’ve come up with a list of ten ways you can blog about your book. I am breaking this article up into two parts, so read on for the first five suggested ways to blog about your book and then check back in next week to learn the second set of ways to increase your book sales through your blog without being pushy or annoying. The Inspiration Every story has to start somewhere. If you write about the inspiration behind the story, you don’t even have to wait until it’s published to engage your audience. Readers will feel like they are getting a behind the scenes sneak peek at your work in progress and endear them to the project right from the start. In this post, I shared all about how I turned my friend’s reality into inspiration for a fiction story. Writing Tips   Another topic you can talk about before you publish are the techniques you are using to write the story. For example, for my most recent book, I wrote about outlining, writing sprints, and using YouTube for research. First Chapter and Cover Reveal   A few weeks before you publish, give your readers a little teaser Music Play Lists   Mark Parsons wrote Road Rash, a â€Å"band-on-the-road† story about growing up- and growing into yourself. There probably isn’t a better scenario on the planet for a novel playlist. Being both a writer and a musician, Mark wrote this article for Huffington Post: 10 Best Road Trip Songs. Your book doesn’t have to be about music though to pull this off. Wisconsin based author Valerie Biel created playlists for her YA historical fantasy novels. Playlists are a great content addition to her website and also an excellent way for readers to create the atmosphere of the book to enhance their reading experience. Book Trailers Another way you can engage readers is â€Å"As authors, we want to give readers as much information as possible about our books so they can decide if it’s worth their precious time and money because let’ face it, this is a busy and expensive world. A book trailer can do this in 60 seconds or less using visuals and music. If a picture says a thousand words, adding tone and music says ten thousand.† – Teri Case, author of the award-winning novel Tiger Drive and forth-coming title, In the Dog House Once the trailer is finished, you can write a post about the creation process, including how you chose the images and music, how you scripted the video and any tips and tricks you’d recommend for other’s looking to give a book trailer a try. Okay! That’s it for today! Be sure to come back next week for the second half of the list!! (Click here for Part 2)

Good Governence Essay Example

Good Governence Essay Example Good Governence Essay Good Governence Essay Definitions of Good governance on the Web: Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. . UNESCAP, 2009. Accessed July 10, 2009 INTRODUCTION OF GOOD GOVERNENCE Let us dismiss hypocrisy and enhance democracy By changing the process to measure our country’s progress -Poem Young People, Take Charge by TakingITGlobal member Exercising power and decision-making for a group of people is called governance. It happens everywhere – from urban centres to rural villages – and the well-being of a community depends on the choices made by people granted this authority. Because of the diversity of organizational structures around the world, people such as land lords, heads of associations, cooperatives, NGOs, religious leaders, political parties and of course, government are all actors granted the power to govern. Good governance† is a relatively new term that is often used to describe the desired objective of a nation-state’s political development. The principles of good governance, however, are not new. Good governance is, in short, anti-corruption whereas authority and its institutions are accountable, effective and efficient, participatory, transparent, responsive, consensus-oriented, and equitable. These are the major characteristics of good governance as outlined by the United Nati ons. : The World Leaders at the 2005 World Summit concluded that good governance is integral to economic growth, the eradication of poverty and hunger, and sustainable development. The views of all oppressed groups, including women, youth and the poor, must be heard and considered by governing bodies because they will be the ones most negatively affected if good governance is not achieved. For good governance to exist in both theory and practice, citizens must be empowered to participate in meaningful ways in decision-making processes. They have a right to information and to access. Although widespread accessibility remains a barrier for many countries, one of those ways is through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications such as the Internet. E-governance has emerged as a viable means to address development issues and challenges because citizens find empowerment through access to information. For more on this subject, please see our page on Understanding ICT for Development.

Legalization of Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalization of Marijuana - Research Paper Example The same way, if people were able to look past the intoxicating nature of marijuana that leads to its abuse, they would be able to find several positive characteristics of this substance, which can be used to the advantage of several causes. These characteristics are plentiful, and thus reinforce the idea that marijuana should be legalized. One very well known medical use of marijuana is in the treatment and control of glaucoma (ProCon.org, 2011). This disease affects several people every year. The main symptom is intraocular pressure in the eye, which is an elevated pressure, which causes nerve damage and impairs the vision of the patient, sometimes to the extent of blindness. While marijuana is not always helpful in curing this disease, it has an active ingredient THC, which helps reduce the intraocular pressure in the eye. This does not cure the patient’s glaucoma completely. However, it does prevent some of the irreparable nerve damage that glaucoma causes, and decelerates the rate of blindness onset for the patient (Jacob, pp. 75-120). Experts (Jacob, pp. 75-120) often criticize this use of marijuana as a glaucoma treatment due to two reasons. First, they object to employing a psychoactive substance for medicinal purposes, because it has several disadvantages and side effects such as addictiveness and intoxication. However, it is important to note that the alleviation of the symptom of such a disease make the side effects seem small in comparison to the greater benefit that it provides the patients. The second reason why the use of marijuana is criticized is that it does not actually cure the patient’s glaucoma, but only delays the onset of the severe symptoms (Jacob, pp. 75-120). That is, there is no real cure attached with this treatment; it only controls them enough to cause a delay in the patient becoming blind or incurring nerve damage. Again, it is important to note to view the situation from the patient’s perspective, who would welcome any delay in the onset of such impairing symptoms. Thus, this should provide some grounds for the consideration of the legalization of marijuana. Apart from this, an even greater medicinal use for marijuana is as a painkiller. The University of California conducted several studies (California Secretary of State, 2010), which concluded that marijuana could be a very effective painkiller for patients suffering diseases like cancer, HIV, and multiple sclerosis (Doheny, pp. 1-3). Cancer patients in the final stages of cancer experience high levels of pain to which ordinary painkillers are highly ineffective, leading to a high level of suffering for these dying patients. Marijuana, besides its infamous reputation as a highly abused psychoactive substance, is also a very effective painkiller, which can greatly help decrease the pain of such patients (Messerli, pp. 1). However, it does not receive the due importance in this area due to its controversial nature. Furthermore, studies have confirmed its effectiveness as a painkiller for people suffering from spinal cord injuries and multiple sclerosis. All these conditions cause extreme pain to the patient, and hardly any of the painkillers administered to them are effective enough to alleviate the pain. Therefore, the government should consider the use of

Hospital Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Hospital Management - Essay Example This hospital is isolated from the public during the rainy seasons since the roads are impassible. It receives funds for running its affairs from various organizations. The bed management system is a system that involves crucial issues that improve on the rate of efficiency at the hospitals projects. The problems within the hospital can be solved though implementing the bed management system. With the introduction of the bed management system, an auditor may be in a position to audit the transactions taking place in the right way in the institution. The value of this system is to provide the organization with proper management techniques through determining the hospitals capacity and having a current and forecasted program that indicates the number of beds that are demanded by the source and the status of the pending discharges. The incorporation of sophisticated workflow system and rules that are tailored towards improving the status of the organization should also be incorporated within the organization. It has been observed that the hospital looses their patients due to diversion, delay, cancellations and isolations during the rainy seasons but the problem can be solved through optimally utilizing the beds turns, eliminating the hidden costs and unnecessary holds as well as accelerating the rate of the discharges within the hospital. ... The implementation of the management or the patient in ternary module can be used to reduce the unnecessary delays through having a central expediting care process and also help in the discharge of the tasks of the hospital in the right way. The patient management system can be used to ensure that tasks are completed at the right time through making proper coordination programs, real-time communications, task queuing and the escalation of the notifications in the appropriate way (Wolper, 2004: 866). Electronic management system would ensure that the hospital is in a position to cut the cost of operations and ensure that the affairs of the organization are undertaken in the right manner. The operation would ensure that the response time required to process the patient's information is indeed the right one and therefore the process of collating, collecting and retrieving of information would be undertaken in the right way. The system helps in the provision of the process management tools such as the modeling, analysis and simulation of information within an organization. The usefulness of implementing the above systems is that it would provide proper delivery of services to the patients, improve the health status of the patients, increase the rate of productivity of the nurses and the doctors and it reduces the time spent when filling in the patients details in the forms. The patients may also be given proper care at the hospital and this would enable it to reduce its costs of operation. The auditor would be in a better position to understand the way the transactions take place to reduce time spent while tracking hospitals activities. The

Causes of Obama's victory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causes of Obama's victory - Essay Example This was said to have figured prominently in the election and was one of the main issues that propelled Obama towards victory. In the perception of the electorate, electing John McCain was tantamount to rewarding the very people who got the country into the financial mess. The other issues that mattered were the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thus, Obama is widely seen as a transformational figure who would provide relief and succor to a nation divided by partisan politics, besieged by economic problems and insecure in the aftermath of the 911 attacks and the subsequent war on terror. The election of Barack Obama came as part of a historic mandate that saw record turnout by the electorate and a campaign team that relied extensively on the internet to propagate their message as well as secure funding is a sign of our times. Given the track record of the 2000 election that saw the election being decided in the Supreme court led some commentators to wonder,† whose election is this a nyway† (Wayne, 2007). Drawing from the experiences of Al Gore and John Kerry in the previous elections, the Obama team made sure that they did not repeat the mistakes of the democratic predecessors. First, he came at the right time and was consistent in his theme of â€Å"change†. For instance, President Bush’s approval ratings were at 27% because of the financial meltdown and thus change echoed with voter sentiment. Secondly, Obama won â€Å"middle America† more than John Kerry did.

History Essays French Revolution Violence

History Essays French Revolution Violence French Revolution Violence When historians and others engage in discussion of the French Revolution, they often begin with discussions about why the French people became unhappy and turned towards popular violence as an effective means of dismantling the Ancient Regime. Popular violence became an enduring form of achieving the population’s goals, just as it helped to bringing about a violent abolition to France’s monarchy on August 10, 1792. The French Revolution’s aims however, were not solely focused on replacing the King of France, Louis XVI with an alternative government, but also to completely recreate French Society. The events that occurred following August 4, 1789, were matters focused on religion and politics, and set in motion the Revolution detaching itself from the liberal ideas originally intended for a constitutional monarch, and instead heading down the path of violence and bloodshed. At the heart of the problem, is that the revolution collapsed from within, because of a document presented to a stunned population. This document, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, created the French Catholic Church as a branch of the new revolutionary government. Previously, the Church and State government had acted in synchronicity. People throughout France were unhappy with this fundamental change to their Church, and millions began to desert the ideas of the revolution for the sake of their religion. Ultimately, this would lead to an escalation of violence that would cause the French Revolution to become progressively bloodier. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy introduced a division between Church and State and the Revolution in such a way that it increased the level of violence and executions to harrowing levels. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was proclaimed by the National Assembly on July 12, 1790 (Desan 5). The document was the product of the ecclesiastical body of the assembly (Desan 5). The impetus behind its creation was to create a document that would add a â€Å"rationalized structure† to the Church that would cause the Church to operate separate from the government, and to eliminate its financial discretion over the people of France (Desan 5). The document reflects the thinking of the assembly’s ecclesiastical body by reason of what it attempted to accomplish, but it reflects the inexperience of the group in matters of politics. The document essentially turned the bishops and priests of France into state employees because it created their responsibility to the state where none had previously existed (Desan 5). This might have met the satisfaction of the low echelon church priests, but it would not have been to the satisfaction of the bishops. Most of the bishops in France were from families who had previously been members of the Second Estate. The document would have essentially not just the authority that they exerted over the populations residing within their parishes, but it would greatly impair their relationship with the Papacy and, in some cases, mitigate the ambitions of the bishops. As state employees, the bishops would have been reported to the government on their communications with Rome. It would have been necessary to discuss applicable Church doctrine with the state official or department that was put in charge of the state employees. More importantly, however, is that the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a blow to the Church’s finances. It eliminated certain sources of revenues, such as the fees charged by the Church to perform certain services in the community (Desan 5). Suzanne Desan (1990) states that while the bishops and clerics were probably willing to work with the revolutionaries to make the Constitution work for them, the vast majority of the clergy were fundamentally against it (Dessan 5). To some extent, Desan says, the bishops and clerics agreed with the reform represented by the Constitution (Desan 5). However, they still could not take affirmative action in that direction without guidance from Rome (Desan 5). While everyone waited for Rome to respond, the assembly grew impatient and acted without Rome’s authority or guidance and imposed the Constitution on the Catholic bishops and clergy (Desan 5). Whether or not the assembly predicted that Rome would withhold its approval is unclear. However, the events as they unfolded might suggest that Rome recognized that the potential for division amongst the revolutionary forces if the Pope withheld comment and let the events unfold as they would. The assembly also attempted to force the bishops and clergy to take an oath to the document, the King (who sanctioned the document), and to France. It is here that it might appear, as Desan suggests as well, that the French Revolution began to go wrong (Desan 6). â€Å"The incidence of oath taking was highest in the center, the Ile-de-France, and the southeast. In those regions later known for a high level of religious practicethe northwest, northeast/east, and the Massif Centralwell over half the clergy refused the oath. 8 Historians have frequently seen the requirement of the oath as one of the critical errors of the Revolution, for it provoked unending controversies among the clergy and laity alike and persuaded many villagers to oppose the Revolution (Desan 6).† There were conflicts within the assembly on the document as well. F. A. Aulard says that Robespierre and the ecclesiastics differed because Robespierre held that religion was an individual choice. He envisioned the government of France as one that was non-religious and focused on matters of state. The idea that the people of France would pursue their religious choices and obligations independent of their state responsibilities was truly revolutionary (Aulard 45). This was very much a Girondist sentiment, and quite different than that held by Couthon. It was Couthon who wanted to see a religious state where the â€Å"Supreme Being,† was at that center of State and Church policy. With that, The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was intended to deal with what the revolutionaries perceived to be a dangerous situation with which they were faced (Thompson 1952 22). The Catholic Church was not just the wealthiest institution in France, it was also the most powerful (22) The revolutionaries were faced with a need to take that power away from the church, but in a way in which the National Assembly would be able to absorb and make use of the power themselves (22). The holdings owned by the Church were rich and extensive in land, buildings and endowments (22). The wealth held by the Church was badly needed by the revolutionaries in order to continue moving towards their democracy. That too remained precarious, because in the first year of the revolution there was what anyone should have anticipated as chaos as people sought to bring to a violent end France’s monarch and wealthy (22). In the second year, the year in which the Constitution of the Clergy was created, there was a need to create infrastructure within the revolutionary government; as well as the desire by the vying parties to gain leadership roles in the new government (22). To allow the Catholic Church to continue to hold greater wealth and power than the revolutionaries was contrary to their movement, and it could not be allowed to happen (22). This is the way in which the National Assembly was divided in religious ideology. The Jacobins were philosophical in nature, and, as reflected in Robespierre’s ideas, saw the state independent of religious influence. Robespierre especially wanted France independent of Catholic Church influence because it stood in stark opposition to the ideological state he envisioned. Regardless of Robespierre’s aspirations for France, â€Å"The republic, once it was Montagnard, became a religion; it had its martyrs and its saints (Aulard 125).† It is at this point where the assembly began to divide, with the Jacobin and the other ideologies separate sides. This division arose out of the Constitution of the Clergy because it revised the Church in policy, and it revised the relationship the Church had with the state and with the French people. Considering that these factions existed within the assembly prior to the Constitution being imposed upon the State, it might be concluded that some of the assembly members saw potential conflict as predictable because of the relationship that the provinces had with the Church. The conflict would present for the assembly members the opportunity they needed to wrest control of France away from the Jacobins. Since Robespierre was in large part behind the Constitution of the Clergy, it was predictable, too, that the response of the people to the altered relationship between themselves and the Church would be a mitigating factor in Robespierre’s popularity. Robespierre had been raised a Catholic, but his goal was, Thompson says, to unite the country in faith if not religion â€Å"freed from Catholic dogma and clerical fanaticism (Thompson 24).† Robespierre was at heart a classical Republican, dedicated to equality, a constitutionally guaranteed order of freedoms and a document that served as a direction for the government. In dire need of cash, and on behalf of the state, Robespierre began to auction off confiscated church properties â€Å"bit by bit (Thompson 25).† The state also devised a scheme that was innovative for its time, allowing people to buy in co-owners of national properties (Thompson 25). The government program created a new class of landowner, and, more importantly, that their newfound status and land came out of the revolution meant that those people felt a loyalty to the government, and to Robespierre. It meant, too, that they would fight to prevent the nobility and royalty from returning to their previous status in France, because it would mean they would lose their newfound positions and property (Thompson 25). The Civil Constitution of the Clergy served as the basis for allegations that it was atheist in nature, and that was a document intended to further the cause and position of France’s Jewish population (Van Kley 1994 121). These two elements served as the prongs with which to separate the revolutionists, and to fuel the Church’s own quest to regain some of the power it lost to the government by the Constitution of the Clergy. By late 1791 the Constitution of the Clergy began showing the cracks of its weakness. Many people believed that the traditional Church had a place in the new government of France (Van Kley 416). As unrest spread, more attention was being focused on the Civil Constitution as undermining the people of France. That rhetoric, encouraged by Robespierre’s enemies, permeated the minds of the people who associated with the document with an anti-faith notion and with officially empowering Jews in a way that had never been done before in France. Because of this, the people of France grew restless, became agitated, and began to turn again to popular violence as a means of achieving their goals (Van Kley 417). France’s population in the provinces was feeling especially agitated and defiant. â€Å"Religious rioters mixed the sacred and the violent in powerful ways (Desan 1990 165).† After this point, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy began to fall apart with what it meant to accomplish. Disgruntled Catholics who were convinced that the revolutionary government was moving towards atheism grew angry, and mob mentality permeated the countryside. Robespierre’s government based on philosophy, which left room for the monarchy had role as did the Church began crumbling under the weight of the very document intended to help ensure a government representing greater freedoms for everyone in France. Rather than swear an oath under the Civil Constitution, a majority of bishops in France had taken flight or gone into hiding. This break in relationship with the people with whom they had built constituencies left a void in the lives of those French people who had close ties to their Church and religious leaders. Albert Soboul (1988) says that enlightened reformism does not maintain the same shape in the sovereign setting (Soboul 2). That remains true even today (Soboul 2). Suggesting that Robespierre’s ambitions for France never took the form necessary to withstand the trials and tribulations of church and state. The research of John Markoff (1996) involved creating tables for violence that Markoff directly relates to the Constituion of the Clergy (231). Violence against clerics in religious events was 58%. Violence against â€Å"old regime roles† of priest, bishop, canon, and monks was at 7% in connection with religious events, and 18% against baillages in connection with religious events (Markoff 231). Violent acts committed against nonjurors in connection with religious events was 14% (Markoff 231). Violent acts against nonjurors bailliages in connection with religious events was 34% (Markoff 231). Violence resulting in the damage to constitutionals during religious events was 26%, and those events against the constitutionals associated with bailliages was 20% (Markoff 231). The percentage to monasteries from violence or even total destruction of the monastery was 18%, and the events of violence damaging or destroying monasteries in connection with billiages was 36% (Markoff 231). Across Markoff’s chart, the events of violence and the destruction associated with the violence was greater than those incidences of violence associated with non-religious events. Markoff found that the attacks by the people related to anti-tax events were 25%, while the attacks on anti-tax ballialages was 40% (Markoff 234). Attacks on person or property of tax collectors was 30% s compared to 41% on tax bailliages (Markoff 234). Violent attacks on â€Å"all indirect taxes,† were highest of the overall anti-tax related violence (although Markoff does not define those any clearer) at 61% for anti-tax evens and 66% for anti-tax billiages events of violence (Markoff 234). The figures are consistent, and the incidence of violence that Markoff has identified as arising out of those events directly related to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy are more numerous than the events he identified as related to anti-tax incidences of violence. Markoff says that the sources he relied upon for his information in compiling the figures are reliable and thorough in recounting the events he has charted (Markoff 235). His conclusion is that the violence of the revolution was a greater reflection of the change in the relationship between the church-state-population than it was about taxes. It would suggest, too, that the pre-Civil Constitution of the Clergy relationship of between the church-state and people was such that it might even have served as a circumvention of public reaction to other matters, such as taxes. Markoff also cites documentation from Philippe Goujard which demonstrates that the rural petitioners expressed sentiments indicating that they respected the taxes but did not support the revolutionary government’s enforcement of seigneurial rights (Markoff 235). This would explain the higher percentage of attacks on local jails, police, military camps, or other type office during the post Civil Constitution of the Clergy period. Markoff cites Eugen Weber, who held that it was late in the nineteenth century that French peasantry began to look beyond their own parish and be interested in the politics and events going on elsewhere (Markoff 241). Markoff says that his work has demonstrated that it was much earlier than Weber had originally believed, and that it was really the degree to which the peasantry expressed an interest that Weber was detecting (Markoff 241). Whereas, Markoff says, his events tables show that the peasantry was responding earlier (Markoff 241). As Desan points out, there was a difference in perspective held by those people in the cities and the rural peasants (Desan 123-124). For Catholics during the Directory, liberty meant the freedom of religious expression (Desan 123-124). It is clear that the goals of the rural countryside were not as philosophical as those of the Parisians. That it was widely miscalculated as to what the rural populations were most passionate about, and that the religious relationship the rural people had with their local parishes went a long to satisfying their total philosophical curiosity. The response of the rural peasantry was one that became increasingly violent, and directed towards individuals that Markoff describes as â€Å"frequent mismatch of clerical and communal political leanings, violence against clerics rose sharply (Markoff 506).† The likelihood, Markoff says, of personal in religious clashes is, as demonstrated by the statistics cited above, much higher than any other issue arising out of the revolution (Markoff 506). There were surely to be people who anticipated some of the reactions that led to more and more violent responses on the part of the rural peasantry, and who hoped to exploit that violence to their own benefit. However, it would be a fair conclusion to say that based on the evidence presented by Markoff in his statistical tables of violence and events, that post Civil Constitution of the Clergy, as a result of that document, by way of the changes that it ushered in, the counterrevolution was indeed much more violent than it might have otherwise been had not those changes in the relationship between the people of France and their parishes taken place. Works Cited Aulard, A. The French Revolution: A Political History 1789-1804. Trans. Bernard Miall. Vol. 2. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1910. Aston, Nigel, ed. Religious Change in Europe, 1650-1914: Essays for John McManners. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Desan, Suzanne. Reclaiming the Sacred: Lay Religion and Popular Politics in Revolutionary France. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. Markoff, John. The Abolition of Feudalism: Peasants, Lords, and Legislators in the French Revolution. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996. Soboul, Albert. Understanding the French Revolution. New York: International Publishers, 1988. Thompson, J. M. Robespierre and the French Revolution. London: English Universities Press, 1952. Van Kley, Dale, ed. The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.

Balance Sheet and Cookie Creations Essay

CCC1Natalie Koebel spent much of her childhood learning the art of cookie-making from her grandmother. They passed many happy hours mastering every type of cookie imaginable and later creating new recipes that were both healthy and delicious. Now at the start of her second year in college, Natalie is investigating various possibilities for starting her own business as part of the requirements of the entrepreneurship program in which she is enrolled. A long-time friend insists that Natalie has to somehow include cookies in her business plan. After a series of brainstorming sessions, Natalie settles on the idea of operating a cookie-making school. She will start on a part-time basis and offer her services in people’s homes. Now that she has started thinking about it, the possibilities seem endless. During the fall, she will concentrate on holiday cookies. She will offer individual lessons and group sessions (which will probably be more entertainment than education for the participants). Natalie also decides to include children in her target market. The first difficult decision is coming up with the perfect name for her business. In the end, she settles on â€Å"Cookie Creations† and then moves on to more important issues. Instructions (a)What form of business organization—proprietorship, partnership, or corporation— do you recommend that Natalie use for her business? Discuss the benefits and weaknesses of each form and give the reasons for your choice. (b)Will Natalie need accounting information? If yes, what information will she need and why? How often will she need this information? (c)Identify specific asset, liability, and equity accounts that Cookie Creations will likely use to record its business transactions. (d)Should Natalie open a separate bank account for the business? Why or why not? CCC2After researching the different forms of business organization, Natalie Koebel decides to operate â€Å"Cookie Creations† as a corporation. She then starts the process of getting the business running. In November 2014, the following activities take place. Nov.8Natalie cashes her government bonds and receives $520, which she deposits in her personal bank account. 8She opens a bank account under the name â€Å"Cookie Creations† and transfers $500 from her personal account to the new account in exchange for ordinary shares. 11Natalie pays $65 to have advertising brochures and posters printed. She plans to distribute these as opportunities arise. (Hint: Use Advertising Expense.) 13She buys baking supplies, such as flour, sugar, butter, and chocolate chips, for $125 cash. 14Natalie starts to gather some baking equipment to take with her when teaching the cookie classes. She has an excellent top-of-the-line food processor and mixer that originally cost her $750. Natalie decides to start using it only in her new business. She estimates that the equipment is currently worth $300. She invests the equipment in the business in exchange for ordinary shares. 16Natalie realizes that her initial cash investment is not enough. Her grandmother lends her $2,000 cash, for which Natalie signs a note payable in the name of the business. Natalie deposits the money in the business bank account. (Hint: The note does not have to be repaid for 24 months. As a result, the notes payable should be reported in the accounts as the last liability and also on the statement of financial position as a non-current liability.) 17She buys more baking equipment for $900 cash. 20She teaches her first class and collects $125 cash. 25Natalie books a second class for December 4 for $150. She receives $30 cash in advance as a down payment. 30Natalie pays $1,320 for a one-year insurance policy that will expire on December 1, 2015. Instructions (a)Prepare journal entries to record the November transactions. (b)Post the journal entries to general ledger accounts. (c)Prepare a trial balance at November 30. CCC3It is the end of November and Natalie has been in touch with her grandmother. Her grandmother asked Natalie how well things went in her first month of business. Natalie, too, would like to know if the company has been profitable or not during November. Natalie realizes that in order to determine Cookie Creations’ income, she must first make adjustments. Natalie puts together the following additional information. 1.A count reveals that $35 of baking supplies were used during November. 2.Natalie estimates that all of her baking equipment will have a useful life of 5 years or 60 months and no salvage value. (Assume Natalie decides to record a full month’s worth of depreciation, regardless of when the equipment was obtained by the business.) 3.Natalie’s grandmother has decided to charge interest of 6% on the note payable extended on November 16. The loan plus interest is to be repaid in 24 months. (Assume that half a month of interest accrued during November.) 4.On November 30, a friend of Natalie’s asks her to teach a class at the neighborhood school. Natalie agrees and teaches a group of 35 first-grade students how to make Santa Claus cookies. The next day, Natalie prepares an invoice for $300 and leaves it with the school principal. The principal says that he will pass the invoice along to the head office, and it will be paid sometime in December. 5.Natalie receives a utilities bill for $45. The bill is for utilities consumed by Natalie’s business during November and is due December 15. Instructions Using the information that you have gathered through Chapter 2, and based on the new information above, do the following. (a)Prepare and post the adjusting journal entries. (b)Prepare an adjusted trial balance. (c)Using the adjusted trial balance, calculate Cookie Creations’ net income or net loss for the month of November. Do not prepare an income statement. CCC4Natalie had a very busy December. At the end of the month, after journalizing and posting the December transactions and adjusting entries, Natalie prepared the following adjusted trial balance.

Apple External and Internal Analysis

Introduction Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products. Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 in the heart of Silicon Valley, and incorporated January 3, 1977. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computers Inc. , but dropped the word computer because it wanted to expend its products beyond just computers. Steve Jobs was a co-founder and the CEO before.Today, Apple operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries, and an online store where hardware and software products are sold. SWOT: Apple Inc. , the manufacturers of Macs, iPods, iPhones, iPads and professional software, has achieved great success since it began in 1977. It's difficult to predict what will happen to this company in the future, but a SWOT analysis (which measures the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to a business) can help to understand the company's current position and where it may go in the future. StrengthsApple's strengths are being a design innovator that is ahead of the trends, creating ergonomic electronics that fit people's lives. Specifically, Apple has been able to invest significantly in research and development, having invested $80 million in the quarter ending in June 2010. Weaknesses Apple acknowledges that its profitability is dependent on the global economy. Economic downturns can have a significant negative effect on the company, and fluctuations in foreign currencies make profit predictions in foreign markets uncertain. OpportunitiesApple is expected to introduce a new mobile advertising platform for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad. The introduction of this advertising platform represents an opportunity for new revenue sources. Threats Apple is involved in several legal actions, including lawsuits alleging patent infringement and antitrust violations. Many of the suits are from smaller companies, but notable plaintiffs include Nokia. These lawsuit s present a threat because of the possibility of unfavorable judgments and the ongoing costs associated with legal defenses.

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Example

Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Example Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay Defining And Understanding Crisis Intervention Social Work Essay Essay We live in an epoch in which crisis-inducing events and acute crisis episodes are prevailing. Each twelvemonth, 1000000s of people are confronted with crisis-inducing events that they can non decide on their ain, and they frequently turn for aid to crisis units of community mental wellness centres, psychiatric testing units, outpatient clinics, infirmary exigency suites, college guidance centres, household guidance bureaus, and domestic force plans ( Roberts, 2005 ) . Crisis clinicians must react rapidly to the challenges posed by clients showing in a crisis province. Critical determinations need to be made on behalf of the client. Clinicians need to be cognizant that some clients in crisis are doing one last heroic attempt to seek aid and hence may be extremely motivated to seek something different. Therefore, a clip of crisis seems to be an chance to maximise the crisis clinician s ability to step in efficaciously every bit long as he or she is focused in the here and now, willing to quickly measure the client s job and resources, suggest ends and alternate header methods, develop a on the job confederation, and construct upon the client s strengths. At the start it is critically of import to set up resonance while measuring deadliness and finding the precipitating events/situations. It is so of import to place the primary presenting job and reciprocally hold on short-run ends and undertakings. By its nature, crisis intercession involves placing failed get bying accomplishments and so assisting the client to replace them with adaptative get bying accomplishments. It is imperative that all mental wellness clinicians-counseling psychologists, mental wellness counsellors, clinical psychologists, head-shrinkers, psychiatric nurses, societal workers, and crisis hotline workers-be well versed and knowing in the rules and patterns of crisis intercession. Several million persons encounter crisis-inducing events yearly, and crisis intercession seems to be the emerging curative method of pick for most persons. Crisis Intervention: The Need for a Model A crisis has been dei ¬?ned as An acute break of psychological homeostasis in which 1 s usual header mechanisms fail and there exists grounds of hurt and functional damage. The subjective reaction to a nerve-racking life experience that compromises the person s stableness and ability to get by or map. The chief cause of a crisis is an intensely nerve-racking, traumatic, or risky event, but two other conditions are besides necessary: ( 1 ) the person s perceptual experience of the event as the cause of considerable disquieted and/or break ; and ( 2 ) the person s inability to decide the break by antecedently used get bying mechanisms. Crisis besides refers to an upset in the steady province. It frequently has i ¬?ve constituents: a risky or traumatic event, a vulnerable or imbalanced province, a precipitating factor, an active crisis province based on the individual s perceptual experience, and the declaration of the crisis. ( Roberts, 2 005, p. 778 ) Given such a dei ¬?nition, it is necessary that crisis workers have in head a model or design to steer them in reacting. In short, a crisis intercession theoretical account is needed, and one is needed for a host of grounds, such as the 1s given as follows. When confronted by a individual in crisis, clinicians need to turn to that individual s hurt, damage, and instability by operating in a logical and orderly procedure ( Greenstone A ; Leviton, 2002 ) . The profetional, frequently with limited clinical experience, is less likely to worsen the crisis with well-meaning but hit-or-miss responding when trained to work within the model of a systematic crisis intercession theoretical account. A inclusive intercession allows the novitiate every bit good as the experient clinician to be aware of keeping the i ¬?ne line that allows for a response that is active and directing plenty but does non take job ownership off from the client. Finally, a intercession should propose stairss for how the crisis worker can deliberately run into the client where he or she is at, assess degree of hazard, mobilise client resources, and travel strategically to stabilise the crisis and better operation. Crisis intercession is no longer regarded as a passing craze or as an emerging subject. It has now evolved into a forte mental wellness i ¬?eld that stands on its ain. Based on a solid theoretical foundation and a practice that is born out of over 50 old ages of empirical and experiential foundation, crisis intercession has become a multidimensional and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible intercession method. However, the primary focal point of crisis literature has been on giving assistance and support, which is apprehensible given that the first concern in the wake of a crisis is ever to supply aid ( McFarlane, 2000 ) , non to carry on systematic research ( Raphael, Wilson, Meldrum, A ; McFarlane, 1996 ) . Experts in crisis intercession have focused on practical issues such as developing intercession theoretical accounts that manage postcrisis reactions ( Paten, Violanti, A ; Dunning, 2000 ) , with small attending being given to the development of theory ( Slaikeu, 1990 ) . Slaikeu stated that crisis theories are more like a bunch of premises, instead than rules based on research that explain or foretell the consequence of crises on persons. Ursano et Al. ( 1996 ) agreed, saying that clinical observations and deductions derived from go-betweens of traumatic emphasis have guided intercessions, instead than theory. Although these attempts have increased the apprehension of the nature of crises, a demand exists to model these premises and observations into theory. The field of crisis intercession is predicated upon the being of the phenomenon of psychological crisis. Because crisis intercession is the natural corollary of the psychological crisis, this reappraisal begins with a definition of the crisis phenomenon. Definition of crisis by Caple Crisis occurs when people encounter an obstruction in accomplishing the of import aims of life. This obstruction and can non be overcome by agencies of customary methods used covering with difficulties.A This consequences in a province of disorganisation and confusion, in which made legion unsuccessful efforts of solutions. Furthermore, the crisis resulted from the jobs on the route practically of import in accomplishing aims, obstructions where people feel that they are non able to get the better of through the usual picks and behaviour . ( 1964 ) by CARKHUFFA and Berenson Crisiss are crises so that the affected people do non cognize any ways of covering themselves with the state of affairs ( 1977 ) by Belkin Crisiss of this personal troubles or state of affairss that deprive people of ability and prevent witting control of his life ( 1984 ) by Brammer Crisis is a province of disorganisation in which adult male is confronted with the devastation of of import aims of life or profound damage of their life rhythm and methods of covering with nerve-racking factors.A The term crisis typically refers to a sense of fright, daze and experient troubles in connexion with the upset, and non to the same upset ( 1985 ) by MARINO Crisis develops in clear phases: a ) the state of affairs is critical, which controls whether the normal mechanisms for covering trade with hard plenty ; B ) the mounting tenseness and disorganisation attach toing this state of affairs surplus capacity it affected people to get by with troubles ; degree Celsius ) the state of affairs requires making for the excess resources ( ex. professional reding ) ; vitamin D ) may turn out necessary referral to a specializer who will assist in remotion of serious personality upset ( 1995 ) by Badura-Madej The crisis is transitional province of internal instability, caused by critical event or life events.A This status requires important alterations and determinations. ( 1999 ) The Chinese word for crisis nowadayss a good word picture of the constituents of a crisis. The wordA crisisA in Chinese is formed with the characters forA dangerA andA chance. A crisis presents an obstruction, injury, or menace, but it besides presents an chance for either growing or decline.A Crisis is self-defined, because crisis is any state of affairs for which a individual does non hold equal header accomplishments. Therefore, What is a crisis for one individual may non be a crisis for another individual. In mental wellness footings, a crisis refers non needfully to a traumatic state of affairs or event, but to a individual s reaction to an event. One individual might be profoundly affected by an event, while another single suffers small or no sick effects. Crisiss may run from apparently minor state of affairss, such as non being prepared for category, to major life alterations, such as decease or divorce. Crisis is environmentally based. What is now a crisis may non hold been a crisis before or would non be a crisis in a different setting.A Basic Crisis Theory: Since Lindemann s ( 1944, 1956 ) seminal part of a basic crisis theory stemming from his work in loss and heartache, the development of crisis theory has advanced well. Lindemann identified crises as holding: ( 1 ) a period of disequilibrium ; ( 2 ) a procedure of working through the jobs ; and ( 3 ) an eventual Restoration of equilibrium. Together with the parts of Caplan ( 1964 ) , this work evolved to finally include crisis intercession for psychological reactions to traumatic experiences and expanded the mental wellness field s cognition base in using basic crisis theory to other types of crises experienced by people. In add-on to acknowledging that a crisis is accompanied by impermanent disequilibrium, crisis theoreticians identify the potency for human growing from the crisis experience and the belief that declaration may take to positive and constructive results such as enhanced get bying abilities. Therefore, the dichotomy contained in a crisis is the co-existence of danger and chance ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . One portion of the crisis province is a individual s increased exposure and decreased defensiveness. This creates an openness in people for seeking different methods of problem-solving and leads to alter qualifying life crises ( Kendricks, 1985 ) . Expanded Crisis Theory: While expanded crisis theory, as we understand it today, merges cardinal concepts from systems, version, psychoanalytic and interpersonal theories ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) , the coming of systemic thought heralded a new manner of sing crisis provinces. By switching off from concentrating entirely on the person in crisis to understanding their province within interpersonal/familial relationships and life events, entry points and avenues for intercession significantly increase. Systems theory promotes the impression that traditional cause and consequence preparations have a inclination to overlook the complex and hard to understand symptomlogy frequently observed in people in crisis. Particularly with younger populations, crisis appraisals should happen merely within the familial and societal context of the kid in crisis. More late the ecological position is deriving popularity as it evolves and develops into theoretical accounts of crisis intercession. From this position, crises are believed to be best viewed in the individual s entire environmental context, including political and socio-economic contexts. Therefore, in the United States, nomadic crisis squads chiefly reacting to adult populations use an ecological theoretical account. Issues of poorness, homelessness, chronicity, marginalisation and permeant disenfranchisement qualify the client population served ( Cohen, 1990 ) . Ecocsystem Theory: Most late an ecosystem theory of crisis is germinating to explicate non merely the person in crisis, but to understand those affected by crisis and the ecological impact on communities. For illustration, the lay waste toing rate of self-destruction and attempted self-destruction in Inuit young person reverberates through their communities on multiple degrees. Ecosystem theory besides deals with larger graduated table crises from environmental catastrophes ( e.g. oil spills ) to human catastrophes ( e.g. Columbine school shots ) . Applied Crisis Theory: Applied crisis theory encompasses the undermentioned three spheres: Developmental crisesA which are events in the normal flow of human growing and development whereby a dramatic alteration produces maladaptive responses ; Events such as birth, which is a crisis both for the female parent and the baby, the oncoming of pubescence and adolescence, matrimony, the climacteric, and so on as we progress through the biological phases of life, are known as developmental crises, These differ from situational crisis in that they needfully occur at a given point in development and everyone has to go through through them. This goes along with Erikson s theory of personality development, in that personality continues to develop through life, altering radically as a map of how an single trades with each phase of development. There are several causes of developmental crisis. One cause is a shortage in accomplishments that can maintain a individual from accomplishing developmental undertakings or turn a predictable passage into a crisis. For illustration, if a parent does non hold the accomplishments to be a parent, holding a babe could go a crisis state of affairs. Developmental crisis can besides happen when the person is non prepared for milepost events, such as climacteric, widowhood, etc. Another cause is when 1 of life s developmental passage is perceived by the person as being out of stage with society s outlooks. Examples of this could be go forthing place, taking a spouse, marrying, holding childs, and retiring. Situational crisesA which emerge with the happening of uncommon and extraordinary events which the person has no manner of foretelling or commanding ; Traumatic events which might or might non go on at a given clip. These could either be major calamities such as temblors, inundations, etc. , which could impact a whole subdivision of society. In other words occurs in response to a sudden unexpected event in a individual s life. The critical life events revolve around experiences of heartache and loss. like loss of a occupation, divorce, abortion, decease of a love one, terrible physical or mental unwellness, or any other sudden tragic event. One feature of situational crises is their sudden oncoming and capriciousness. While a battle with developmental issues normally builds over clip, situational crises work stoppage from nowhere all at one time. Unexpectedness is another factor of situational crises. Peoples by and large believe it wo nt go on to me, and are blind-sided when it does go on to them. Emergency quality is another feature of situational crises. When a situational crisis hits, it needs to be dealt with instantly. Situational crises besides impact the full community. These events normally affect big Numberss of people at the same time, necessitating intercession with big groups in a comparatively short period of clip. The last feature of situational crises is the presence of both danger and chance. Reorganization must finally get down. This reorganisation has the potency for the person to emerge on either a higher or lower degree of operation. Existential crisesA which refer to inner struggles and anxiousnesss that relate to human issues of intent, duty and liberty ( e.g. , in-between life crisis ) . It is a phase of development at which an person inquiries the very foundations of their life: whether their life has any significance, intent or value. An experiential crisis is frequently provoked by a important event in the individual s life matrimony, separation, major loss, the decease of a loved one ; a dangerous experience ; psycho-active drug usage ; adult kids go forthing place ; making a personally-significant age ( turning 30, turning 40, etc. ) , etc. Normally, it provokes the sufferersA introspectionA about personal mortality, therefore uncovering the psychological repression of said consciousness Each individual and state of affairs is alone and should be responded to as such. Therefore, it is utile to understand the crisis from one or more of these spheres in order to understand the complexnesss of the person s state of affairs and to step in in more effectual ways. One would besides be given to see a younger population with developmental and/or situational crises ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . Due to the continuance of the crisis, we may separate Acute accent crises Chronic crises Phases of a Crisis In order to joint the elements of a antiphonal nomadic crisis service a conceptual model of the phases of crisis is presented. There is understanding in the literature that most crisis intercessions should last about one to six hebdomads ( Caplan, 1964 ; Kendricks, 1985 ) . This suggested clip frame is based on identifiable phases of a crisis. Frequently cited in the literature ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ; Smith, 1978 ) is Caplan s four phases of crisis: Phase I The individual has an addition in anxiousness in response to a traumatic event ; A if the get bying mechanisms work, there s no crisis ; A if coping mechanisms do non work ( are uneffective ) a crisis occurs. Phase II In the 2nd stage anxiousness continues to increase. Phase III Anxiety continues to increase amp ; the individual asks for aid. ( If the individual has been emotionally isolated before the injury they likely will non hold equal support A ; a crisis will certainly happen ) . Phase IV Is theA active crisisA here the individuals interior resources A ; supports are unequal. The individual has a short attending span, ruminates ( goes on about it ) , A ; admirations what they did or how they could hold avoided the injury. Their behaviour is unprompted A ; unproductive. Relationships with others suffer, A they view others in footings of how can they assist to work out the job. The individual feels like they are losing their head, A this is scaring Be certain to learn them that when the anxiousness decreases that thought will be clearer. While others have proposed somewhat changing phases, there are commonalities in understanding that crises are time-limited, have a beginning, center and terminal, and that intercession early in a crisis can bring forth stabilisation and a return to the pre-crisis province. No intercession, or unequal intercession, can ensue in chronic forms of behaviour that consequence in transcrisis provinces ( Gilliland A ; James, 1997 ) . Transcrisis: the original crisis event becomes submerged into the unconscious and re-emerges when anxiousness is re-experienced. A adult female who experienced colza will re-experience jobs with being sexually adumbrate with a adult male and experience jobs in intimate relationships. Crisis phases can be distinguished from mental upsets in that the individual in crisis can be described as holding normal and functional mental wellness before and after the crisis. Additionally crisis tend to be of limited continuance and after the crisis is over, the client s convulsion will often lessen. There nevertheless individuals who can remain in crisis province for month or old ages. Such single is described as being In transcrisis province. It s besides possible for transcris province to take to the development of anxiousness and other tipes of mental upset ( ex.PTSD ) . Crisis Intervention Crisis intercession is the signifier of psychological aid, that is focused on curative contact, concentrated on the job, that caused the crisis, limited in clip, when the individual is confronted with the crisis and has to work out it. That sort of aid Lashkar-e-Taibas us cut down the crisis response and minimise functional damage. ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) Crisis intercession is exigency foremost assistance for mental wellness ( Ehly, 1986 ) . Crisis intercession involves three constituents: 1 ) the crisis, the perceptual experience of an unwieldy state of affairs ; 2 ) the person or group in crisis ; and 3 ) the assistant, or mental wellness worker who provides assistance. Crisis intercession requires that the individual sing crisis receive seasonably and adept support to assist get by with his/her state of affairs before future physical or emotional impairment occurs. Crisis intercession provides the chance and mechanisms for alteration to those who are sing psychological disequilibrium, who are experiencing overwhelmed by their current state of affairs, who have exhausted their accomplishments for header, and who are sing personal uncomfortableness. Crisis intercession is a procedure by which a crisis worker identifies, buttockss, and intervenes with the person in crisis so as to reconstruct balance and cut down the effects of the crisis in his/her life. The person is so connected with a resource web to reenforce the alteration. HISTORY Crisis Intervention Beginnings of crisis intercession, should be found in the subjects related to the self-destruction bar, the development of environmental psychopathology, every bit good as a career to life services covering with exigency psychotherapeutic aid for victims of traumatic events, such as: war or natural catastrophes ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) . The roots of crisis intercession come from the pioneering work of two community psychiatrists-Erich Lindemann and Gerald Caplan in the mid-1940s, 1950s, and sixtiess. We have come a far call from its origin in the 1950s and 1960s. Specii ¬?cally, in 1943 and 1944 community head-shrinker, Dr. Erich Lindemann at Massachusetts General Hospital conceptualized crisis theory based on his work with many ague and heartache afflicted subsisters and relations of the 493 dead victims of Boston s worst cabaret i ¬?re at the Coconut Grove. Gerald Caplan, a psychopathology professor at Massachusetts General Hospital and the Harvard School of Public Health, expanded Lindemann s ( 1944 ) open uping work. Caplan ( 1961, 1964 ) was the i ¬?rst clinician to depict and document the four phases of a crisis reaction: initial rise of tenseness from the emotionally risky crisis precipitating event, increased break of day-to-day life because the person is stuck and can non decide the crisis rapidly, te nseness quickly increases as the person fails to decide the crisis through exigency problem-solving methods, and the individual goes into a depression or mental prostration or may partly decide the crisis by utilizing new get bying methods. A figure of crisis intercession pattern theoretical accounts have been promulgated over the old ages ( e.g. , Collins A ; Collins, 2005 ; Greenstone A ; Leviton, 2002 ; Jones, 1968 ; Roberts A ; Grau, 1970 ) . The ends of crisis intercession are comparatively limited, relate to the immediate crisis state of affairs and are the undermentioned: Decrease in disequilibriurn or alleviation of symptoms of crisis Restoration to precrisis degree of working Some apprehension of the relevant precipitating events Designation of remedial steps which the client can take or do available through community resources. Connecting the current state of affairs with past life experiences and struggles Originating new manners of thought, comprehending feeling and developing new adaptive and header responses which are utile beyond the immediate crisis state of affairs, taking to an emancipated ripening and authorization. Basic Principles While there is no 1 individual theoretical account of crisis intercession ( Jacobson, Strickler, A ; Mosley, 1968 ) , there is common understanding on the general rules to be employed by EMH practicians to relieve the acute hurt of victims, to reconstruct independent operation and to forestall or extenuate the wake of psychological injury and PTSD ( Butcher, 1980 ; Everly A ; Mitchell, 1999 ; Flannery, 1998 ; Raphael, 1986 ; Robinson A ; Mitchell, 1995 ; Sandoval, 1985 ; Wollman, 1993 ) . 1. Intervene instantly. By definition, crises are emotionally risky state of affairss that place victims at high hazard for maladaptive header or even for being immobilized. The presence onsite of EMH forces every bit rapidly as possible is paramount. 2. Stabilize. One of import immediate end is the stabilisation of the victims or the victim community actively mobilizing resources and support webs to reconstruct some gloss of order and modus operandi. Such a mobilisation provides the needful tools for victims to get down to work independently. 3. Facilitate apprehension. Another of import measure in reconstructing victims to pre-crisis degree of operation is to ease their apprehension of what has occurred. This is accomplished by garnering the facts about what has occurred, listening to the victims recount events, promoting the look of hard emotions, and assisting them understand the impact of the critical event. 4. Concentrate on problem-solving. Actively helping victims to utilize available resources to recover control is an of import scheme for EMH forces. Helping the victim in work outing jobs within the context of what the victim feels is possible enhances independent operation. 5. Promote autonomy. Akin to active problem-solving is the accent on reconstructing autonomy in victims as an extra agencies to reconstruct independent operation and to turn to the wake of traumatic events. Victims should be assisted in measuring the jobs at manus, in developing practical schemes to turn to those jobs, and in fielding those schemes to reconstruct a more normal equilibrium. The pattern of crisis intercession, typically consist of the followers ( Badura Madej, 1999 ) : Supplying emotional support to ease the reaction to emotion ; Confronted with the world and countering inclinations to deny and distorted to organize at the minute the most of import job to solution ; Assess the current ways of get bying in footings of their adaptative nature ; Mentioning to good header schemes or making new schemes ; A program of aid. Features of a crisis intercession ( Badura-Madej, 1999 ) : Aid every bit shortly as possible after the critical event, sooner at the clip, when the bing ways of get bying are exhausted with crisis, and new constructive behaviours yet non created to supply the support reduces the hazard run adaptative ways of header ; Focus on the state of affairs and the current job associated with the crisis ( the here and now ) , taking into history the single history of adult male ( analysis of this narrative helps to understand the nature and deepness of the crisis reaction ) Emotional support, frequently besides material support ( adjustment, shelter, nutrient, imbibing, etc. ) to guarantee a sense of security to the individual in crisis ; A big strength of contacts ( depending on the state of affairs ) and sometimes even day-to-day ; Time bound ( 6 10 meetings ) flexibleness in helping interactions from the directing operation, client coaction, to the non-directive action ; Mobilizing the natural support system for people in crisis, cooperation with other establishments, supplying possible support from establishments to holistic attack to people in crisis ( eg, OPS, constabulary, etc. ) . Crisis Intervention Models ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) Practice and intercession literature indicate the utility of certain general theoretical theoretical accounts for the building of concrete steps for individuals in crisis.A Belkin ( 1984 ) proposes a categorization includes equilibrium theoretical account, cognitive theoretical account and psycho-social theoretical account of transmutation ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) . Equilibrium theoretical account Equilibrium theoretical account indicates a basic fact of the continuum balance instability, which differentiates working non-crisis and crisis.A Persons in crisis, sing province of disorganisation, deficiency of balance of basic psychological maps, are non able to efficaciously utilize their customary ways of get bying and methods of work outing jobs. The purpose of the intercession from the point of position of equilibrium theoretical account is to help the client in regained pre-crisis equilibrium.A therefore the usage of this attack is the most justified in the initial phases of intercession, when a individual has no sense of control over himself and class of events is confused and unable to take adequate determinations and appropriate action.A Until the client does non retrieve even though portion of the capacity to header, the chief attempt should be directed to stabilise the status of the person.A Merely so it is possible to utilize his abilities to get by, and other internal and external resources to work out a crisis problem.A Equilibrium theoretical account considered is the cleanest theoretical account of crisis intercession ( Caplan, 1961 ; for: Gilliland and James, 2005 ) . Cognitive theoretical account The cognitive theoretical account of crisis intercession is based on the premiss that crisis are rooted in defective believing about the event or state of affairss that surround the crisis non in the events themselves or the facts about events or state of affairss ( Ellis, 1962 ) . The end of this theoretical account is to assist people go cognizant of and alter their positions and beliefs about crisis events or state of affairss. The basic dogma of the cognitive theoretical account is that people can derive control of crisis in their lives by altering their thought, particularly by acknowledging and challenging the irrational and self-defeating parts of their knowledges and by retaining and concentrating on the rational and self-enhancing elements of their thought. The messages that people in crisis send themselves become really negative and distorted, in contrast to the world of the state of affairs. Dilemmas that are changeless and crunching wear people out, forcing their internal province of perceptual experience more and more toward negative self-talk until their cognitive sets are so negative that no sum of prophesying can convert them anything positive will of all time come from the state of affairs. Crisis intercession in this theoretical account can be compared to work on rewriting your ain plan by the client, which on a positive Coupling dorsum and repetition the exercising in self-assessment of the new state of affairs, be able to alter emotions and behaviour in a more positive and constructive. Cognitive theoretical account can be used in pattern when the client has already regained some sufficient degree of psychological stableness, leting where appropriate perceptual experience, pulling decisions, doing determinations and experimenting with new behaviours. Basic constructs of this attack are fond in the rational-emotive work of Ellis ( 1982 ) , the cognitive-behavioral attack of Meichenbaum ( 1977 ) , and the cognitive system of Beck ( 1976 ) . Psychosocial passage theoretical account Psychosocial passage theoretical account is another utile attack to intercession in crisis.A This theoretical account is based on the premise that adult male is the consequence of the interaction between the familial equipment, and the acquisition procedure, puting the societal environment. Both people and their environment and societal influence procedures are capable to changeless alteration. Therefore, crises may be related to both internal and external ( psychosocial, societal and environmental ) troubles. The intent of crisis intercession, as seen from this position, is to assist, cooperation with client in an equal appraisal of both internal and external fortunes act uponing the outgrowth of the crisis, every bit good as aid in the choice of effectual options to the ( client s ) existing, inefficient behaviour, inappropriate attitudes and inefficiencies how to utilize the resources of the environment in which I live. To obtain a stand-alone control over his private life clients can be needed for obtaining equal internal mechanisms to cover with troubles, every bit good as societal support and environmental resources. The Psychosocial passage theoretical account does non perceive crisis merely an interal province of personal businesss that resides wholly within the person. It reaches outside the single and askes what system need to be changed. Systems such as household, equal group, work environment, spiritual community are illustrations who can besides back up or interfere with the psychological adaptability of the individual.A It is deserving observing That in some types of crises ( eg domestic force ) non much can be done by prosecuting in Merely a individual in crisis, and disregarding the annihilating effects of the societal environment, because it is of import to assist clients place the kineticss of the system, or systems, societal, which surround it, and how these systems affect its version to the state of affairs crisis. Like the cognitive theoretical account, the psychosocial dealing theoretical account seems to be most appropriate after the client has been stabilized. Theorists who have contributed to the psychosocial dealing theoretical account include Adler ( Ansbacher A ; Ansbacher, 1956 ) , Erikson ( 1963 ) , and Minuchin ( 1974 ) . Eclectic theory of crisis intercession The primary standard for the quality of crisis intercession is their effectivity. Therefore, positively understood eclectic method is the preferable attack in this country. Representatives of this attack by taking action, guided by ends to accomplish, instead than defined concept.A Eclecticism is considered to be the most utile attack to crisis intervention.A Its aims are: 1.A reviewed to place the elements of each system and incorporate them into internally rational whole, fiting the behavioural informations, which should be clarified ; 2.A consider all relevant to the job of the theory, methods and rating criterions and processing of clinical informations ( harmonizing to the province of cognition ) ; 3.A non writhing appraisals to specific theories, to continue the openness of thought and uninterrupted experimenting with these attacks and schemes that bring the best consequences. practically all descriptions of intercessions for different types of crises include the elements earlier presented theoretical accounts of crisis intercession. Eclectic theory combines two omnipresent steering ideas: a ) all people, like crises, are the lone 1s of their sort, Unique, B ) all the people, and all crises are alike.A These statements are non reciprocally sole. All people and all crises are likewise, since they can be found general elements.A However, the scrutiny of any adult male, or crisis, have single character. Eclectic usage of theory requires a good cognition of many attacks and theories and ability to measure client by demands that can be chosen appropriate to the engineering. Eclectic attack requires uninterrupted enlargement of their cognition, practical work, capable to supervising and unfavorable judgment of other professionals.A It is necessary besides to hold risk-taking accomplishments and the ability to abandon attacks that have proved to be unsuccessful in a given state of affairs ( and non lodging to some favourite theory ) . Well-practiced eclectic method is nil but a mixture of equal parts: accomplishments and intuition.A It is indispensable to besides pay attending to their feelings and their diagnosing of the situation.A It is deserving observing that changes the method of intercession is frequently made based on a feeling that something is non right. Phases of crisis intercession LA Hoff 1.A Analysis of psychosocial client or household in the appraisal of self-destruction hazard, 2.A Together with the client to pull up an action program, 3.A Implementation program based on resources: the personal, societal, and physical 4.A A customerA ( follow-up ) A and rating of crisis intercession and solution crisis. Aguilera DC 1.A Assessment of persons and analysis of the job, 2.A Planning curative intercessions, 3.A Intervention ( eg, aid in understanding the crisis, assisting to raise consciousness and look emotions, the Reconstruction of societal ties ) , 4.A Execution of the program and decide the crisis. AR Roberts 1.A Assessment of client 2.A Establishing contacts and set up ties ( relationships ) full regard and credence client 3.A Identifying the chief job ( jobs ) , 4.A Supplying support, 5.A The survey of possible options to decide the state of affairs, 6.A Laying of the action program, 7.A A customerA ( follow-up ) A eg: meeting the control ( or phone calls ) psychometric or measuring of alterations in operation, a referral to therapy, etc. The six-step Model of Crisis Intervention ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) James ( 2008 ) has developed a six-step theoretical account of crisis intercession. This theoretical account provides a utile model from which to work when confronted with crisis state of affairss in a shelter scene. Assesing: Appraisal is an of import portion of each of the six-steps of crisis intercession. The first three stairss of this theoretical account are normally more inactive hearing activities than actions. When safety considerations are presented that concern anyone s possible to be hurt or killed you need to take action instantly. The concluding three stairss are mostly action behaviours on your portion even though hearing is ever present along with appraisal as an overarching subject. Listening involves go toing, detecting, understanding and reacting with empathy, genuinesss, regard, credence, nonjudgmental, and caring. It is indispensable to set up an environment that provides persons with psychological first assistance which is defined as the constitution of safety of the client, cut downing stress-related symptoms, supplying remainder and physical convalescence and associating clients to critical resources and societal support systems is an indispensable portion of the assisting procedure ( James, 2008, p. 39 ) . The first three stairss of the six-step theoretical account are: 1. Specifying the job: The first measure is to specify and understand the job from the client s point of position. You will necessitate to utilize the nucleus listening accomplishments of empathy, genuiness, and credence. 2. Guaranting client safety: It is necessary that you continually maintain client safety at the head of all intercessions. Guaranting safety means invariably measuring the possibility of physical and psychological danger to the client every bit good as to others. This measure is a unstable one in that assessing and guaranting safety is a uninterrupted portion of the procedure of crisis intercession. 3. Supplying support: It is of import that you communicate to the client that you care about her. The support given may be emotional every bit good as instrumental and informational. Acting: Stairss 4, 5, and 6 involve moving schemes. Ideally these stairss are worked through in a collaborative mode but if the client is unable to take part, you may necessitate to go more directing in assisting the client mobilise her get bying accomplishments. Listening accomplishments are an of import portion of these stairss. 4. Analyzing options: Options are examined from three possible positions. The first is back uping the person to measure their situational supports or those people known to the client in the present or yesteryear who might care about what happens to the client. The 2nd position is assisting the client place get bying mechanisms or actions, behaviors, or environmental resources that she might utilize to assist her get through the present crisis. The 3rd position is helping the client to analyze her thought forms and if possible find ways to reframe her state of affairs in order that the client s position of the job will be altered which will in bend lessen the client s anxiousness degree. 5.Making Plans: The client is supported to do a program that is really elaborate and outlines the individuals, groups and other referral resources that can be contacted for immediate support ; supply get bying mechanisms and action stairss which are concrete and positive for the client to make in the present. Equally much as possible it is of import that the planning be done in coaction with a client in order that she feels a sense of ownership of the program. It is of import that she does non experience robbed of her power, independency and dignity. The most of import issues in planning are the client s sense of control and liberty. Planning is about acquiring through the short term in order to accomplish some sense of equilibrium and stableness. 6. Obtaining committedness. In this last measure the issues of control and liberty are besides of import to the procedure. This measure involves inquiring the client to verbally sum up the program. In some incidents where deadliness is involved the committedness may be written down and signed by both persons. The end is to enable the client to perpetrate to the program and to take definite positive stairss designed to ease them traveling towards re-establishing a pre-crisis province of equilibrium. The committednesss made by the client demand to be voluntary and accomplishable. A program that has been developed by you will non be effectual. Appraisal In the crisis intercession ( Gilliland and James, 2005 ) Parallel to the procedure of crisis intercession, appraisal of the client in a crisis takes topographic point. Appraisal is divided into two phases: 1 ) primary assessment rating made at the beginning of the crisis intercession, including diagnosing of crisis response and to placing the degree of hazard for ego / environment and from the environment ; 2 ) permanent appraisal takes topographic point during the staying procedure of intercession and includes: monitoring alterations in the province of client ; Check how the suggested ways from assistant, solutions, are really accepted by the client ; Evaluation of ways of get bying ( constructive vs. unconstructive ) ; Features for Effective Crisis Intervention In add-on to being nonjudgmental, flexible, nonsubjective, supportive and authorising, following are considered to be indispensable necessities for service suppliers to enable an person to journey from a vulnerable crisis province to equilibrium and authorization: Ability to make trust via confidentiality and honestness ; Ability to listen in an attentive mode ; Supply the person with the chance to pass on by speaking less ; Bing attentive to verbal and gestural cues ; Pleasant, interested modulation of voice ; Keeping good oculus contact, position and appropriate societal distance if in a face-to-face state of affairs ; Listening for feelings, hearing what is said and non said, concentrating on what individual is experiencing ; Staying undistracted, unfastened, honest, sincere ; Bing free of bias and abstaining from pigeonholing ; Asking openended inquiries ; Giving feedback and having feedback whenever possible if the individual is prepared to hear ; Asking permission, neer moving on premises ; Checking out sensitive cross-cultural factors ; Bing cognizant of one s ain biass ; Reacting suitably to adult female s cultural world.

Cybernetics and Social Construction

Cybernetics and Social Construction Abstract Cybernetics is the study of various systems in biology, sociology, psychology, and physics. In sociology and psychology, cybernetics is used to describe how social and psychological systems work. The theory is based on the structural functionalist theory which operates on the principle of interdependence of various parts of a system for the stability of the whole system.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cybernetics and Social Construction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social construction has to do with the way people perceive various aspects of life. Both cybernetics and social construction theories are applicable in family therapy. However, they differ in terms of how they address the issue of diversity. Cybernetics theory One of the key concepts in cybernetics is feedback, which refers to an output and which triggers positive or negative feedback in a system. A positive feedback is considered as that which brings a change in a system while a negative feedback is considered as that which maintains the status quo in the system (Metcalf, 2011). One of the basic assumptions of the cybernetics approach is that a family is like the human body which is composed of several organs, with each organ having a specific role to play in the body (Dallos, 2010).  The other assumption of the approach is that all families have a structure, either vertical or horizontal. The relationships within the family structure are important for the well being of the family and therefore, there is need to ensure that all family members play their roles effectively so as to make the family stable (Wetchler Hecker, 2014). The approach considers a family as an open system. Even though the members of a family are united by shared beliefs, patterns of thinking, and kinship, it does not mean that the family is cushioned from the influence of external factors or actors (Winek, 2010). The other concept relat ed to the cybernetics approach is homeostasis. This is a mechanism which tries to maintain the relationships between the family members. In other words, homeostasis maintains the status quo in the family structure. Through homeostasis, each family member has some specific expectations from the other family members (Stretch, 2005). Change is the other concept which is related to the cybernetics approach. The proponents of the approach argue that sometimes the status quo may be a source of family problems. Many people may not realize this fact because they believe that maintaining their relationships with each other is a crucial ingredient for the well being of the family.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the basic principles of the cybernetics approach is respecting the culture and values of the family. The therapist is obliged to ensure that the values o f the family are respected at all times. When the therapist sees the need of changing the values of the family, there is need for an intensive education of the family on the importance of changing some of the family values. The other principle is that a family is viewed as a client. Even though a family may have several members, there is need for the therapist to ensure that the intervention does not lead to disunity but enhance unity within the family. The therapist must therefore apply a participatory approach in order to ensure that the family members are part and parcel of the decisions reached in the therapy. Another principle is that families exist in a social system and therefore, there is need to ensure that the intervention by the therapist does not isolate the family from the rest of the society. The argument is that a healthy family is one that exists in a healthy social environment where there are good relationships between the family members and the society. Seeing that the cybernetics approach allows for choosing a family-centered therapy approach for the solution of a particular issue, the specified strategy allows for improving the relationships between the family members and providing them with an opportunity to understand the reasons for the malfunctioning of their family. The cybernetics theory helps people realize whether the communication patterns that they have chosen can be deemed as acceptable, and what changes they need to undergo in order to be improved. In other words, cybernetics allows for an introspective for the patient or patients, therefore, creating the premises for an in-depth analysis of the specifics of the current relationships between the family members. More importantly, the distribution of the family roles among the members can be analyzed with the help of the given approach, therefore, helping address the related issues and redistribute these roles among the members (Guise, 2009). Social construction theory Social cons truction refers to the perceptions people have about certain aspects of life such as gender, race, sex, disease, mental illness, and domestic violence. In most cases, social construction is not based on facts but on stereotypes, prejudice, and historical injustices. For instance, the social construction of gender is characterized by gender stereotypes which are the attitudes people have towards males and females. The attitudes may be implicit or explicit. Implicit attitudes are internalized by people in their thought processes. For example, a teacher of a school may select male students to represent the school in a mathematics contest and select female students to represent it in the art subjects or languages.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cybernetics and Social Construction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This kind of selection may happen as a result of the belief by the teacher that all males are good in hard subjects like mathematics while all females are good in easy subjects like the arts and languages. In the professional sector, a male doctor may be referred to as ‘the doctor’ while a female one may be referred to as ‘the woman doctor’ to imply that it is unusual for a female to become a doctor. However, there is nothing funny with a female being a doctor because female doctors are capable of treating patients just like male doctors.  Much like the cybernetics theory, the theory of the social construct facilitates a better understanding of the role distribution among the family members. However, unlike the cybernetics approach, the theory of social construct sets the premises for restructuring the family hierarchy, therefore, providing the couple with the tools that they may use in order to improve their relationships (Guise, 2009). Family Therapist’s Role in Cybernetics and Social Construction Theories Both cybernetics and social construct ion theories are applicable in family therapy. However, the therapist’s role differs in the two theories. With cybernetics theory, the role of the family therapist is to establish linkages between family members. However, not all problems need a restoration of the equilibrium in the family. The reason is that some problems need a positive feedback which introduces a change in the family as a system. For example, family members may be advised by the family therapist to become more independent instead of being interdependent. The reason is that sometimes, the dependence on each other may lead to dependence syndrome which compromises the ability of individual family members to grow and be self-reliant. With the cybernetics theory therefore, each family member is considered as a therapy for the others and as a result, the absence of one family member may compromise the healing process (Carr, 2012).  With the social construction theory, the role of the family therapist is to dec onstruct the thoughts, perceptions, and attitudes of the family members. It is done with the aim of differentiating myths from facts to enable the family members to live in a world of reality. It is based on the reasoning that some problems in families are not based on facts but on social construction of various issues which affect families. The family therapist therefore aims at helping the family members change their thoughts which cause problems in the family.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, some families may believe that HIV/AIDS is caused by witchcraft. As a result, they seek intervention from witch doctors instead of medical doctors. Even though intervention from witch doctors may work on the short term, it may not be effective on the long term. When such a family seeks the help of a family therapist, the family therapist educates them that HIV/AIDS is a medical condition which requires a medical intervention (Nichols, 2013). Herein the significance of cybernetics in defining the role of a family therapist lies. Unlike any other discipline, cybernetics allows for transforming the role of a family therapist from the one of an observer to that one of an analyst. Seeing that the very concept facilitates a deeper understanding of the challenges that the family is going through, the relationships that the family members share, and the communication patterns that are accepted within the family in question, the specified discipline helps a family therapist infi ltrate the information concerning the relationships within a specific family in order to locate the patterns of the family members interaction and, therefore, identify the problem and contemplate the key steps for addressing the issue in question. The social construct theory, thus, allows for an even more precise definition of the role of a family therapist in a particular intervention. In accordance with the theory postulates, the therapy process is rooted in the idea of a family as a social construction, each member of it taking a very specific niche. The role of a therapist, therefore, mainly concerns the redefinition of the family members’ roles. It would be wrong to claim that the therapisr defines the place that each family member should take in a new hierarchy; instead, the therapist promotes the idea, thus, allowing the patient to make their own choice and, therefore, restructure the relationships within the family so that the latter should be complete (Guise, 2009). Historical Impacts of Cybernetics and Social Construction Theories The history of cybernetics is traced to the days of Plato and Aristotle who attempted to explain governments in terms of interrelationship of various units of the society. Afterwards, various scholars adopted the concept of cybernetics in different fields such as engineering, mathematics, psychology, and sociology. The theory of cybernetics has played a crucial role in the formulation of contemporary theories such as systems theory and systems thinking. It has also been used in the advancement of information and communication technology systems to reflect the changing needs of the society (Turner, 2011). The strength of the approach is that it has the ability to restructure the family in order to eliminate problems which are anchored on the status quo. The approach is based on the principle that all social systems are not static but are dynamic. There is therefore the need to ensure that social institutions such as t he family are studied with the aim of ensuring that the necessary changes are made for them to function well. The limitation of the approach is that it puts more emphasis on structural changes of the family to the extent that it ignores changes at the individual level. For any therapy to be successful there is need to focus not only on the environment but also on the individual. The approach is also unsuitable in addressing family problems in which one of the members is hospitalized or is unable to attend therapy sessions. The reason is that all the members have to attend the sessions for the therapy to be successful. The social construction theory may be traced to the emergence of concepts such as feminism, affirmative action, gender equity and equality, social class, and wealth. These concepts were associated with the existence of a gap between various units of the society especially in social institutions. Different scholars conducted research to establish the causes of the gap a nd found that there were deep rooted perceptions on various issues such as gender. The theory led to the emergence of various campaigns which aimed at ensuring that there was fairness, justice, and equity in the society. Examples of the campaigns include girl child education, women empowerment, and protection of the rights of minority groups (Roberts, 2009). How Diversity is Addressed in Cybernetics and Social Construction Theories Cybernetics and social construction theories differ in terms of how they address the issue of diversity. With cybernetics theory, diversity in social institutions is viewed as positive. The theory also considers diversity as a strength which may be tapped and transformed into an opportunity for social institutions to enhance their unity. Since the theory is based on the principle of interdependence of various units of social systems, and given that all social systems are not homogenous, the theory contents that it is not possible to have peaceful coexiste nce in the society without embracing diversity. On the other hand, the social construction theory views diversity as negative because it considers social institutions as homogenous entities which are only stable when there is uniformity. For instance, people in a given society may share the same belief about an aspect of life irrespective of whether the belief is true or not. Those who do not share that belief in that society may be considered as outcasts or as enemies of the other members of that society. For example, members of a particular society may believe that corruption is the only way of enriching oneself. Those who attempt to fight corruption may be considered as enemies of development in that society. Conclusion The analysis of the family hierarchy and the definition of the issues that are related to the family structure adopted by the patient and their relatives is, perhaps, one of the most complicated tasks for a family therapist. However, by adopting the approach of cy bernetics and using the theory of social construct, a therapist may alter their role so that the analysis could be more fruitful and that more efficient changes could be made to the relationships between the patient and their family. Providing a therapist with the power that allows them to dissect and analyze the family relationships of the patient, as well as suggest their ways of altering these relationships, are the obvious advantages of the specified approaches. References Carr, A. (2012). Family therapy: concepts, process, and practice. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley Sons. Dallos, R. (2010). An introduction to family therapy. Maidenhead : McGraw-Hill International. Guise, R. W. (2009). Study guide for the marriage and family therapy national licensing examination. Boston, MA: The Family Solutions Corporation. Metcalf, L. (2011). Marriage and family therapy: a practice-oriented approach. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Nichols, M. (2013). Family Therapy: concepts. Boston: Pear son Education. Roberts, A. R. (2009). Social workers desk reference. New York: Oxford University Press. Stretch, B. (2005). Health social care: As level for excel. Oxford: Heinemann. Turner, F.J. (2011). Social work treatment: interlocking theoretical approaches. New York: Oxford University Press. Wetchler, J.L., Hecker, L.L. (2014). An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage. Winek, J.W. (2010).Systemic family therapy: from theory to practice. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.